On Monday 07 March 2011 22:00:25 hlabishi kobo wrote: I would think that you wrote the part which prints out this values. This means that you know which parameters you gave printk and that you should know the conversation specifiers and length modifiers that you used in the format string. But I would guess without having any of these information that you used %x to print these values. Whatever you used as argument - 32 bit (size of single int) of it were printed in unsigned in hexidecimal notation. Maybe you should think about using %lx to print unsigned long ints in hexidecimal notation in case you really used %x. Which brings me to another question: Why to I see 6 numbers in your post and why has the first one 9 nibbles? As said before (and also recommended by Linus): try to write a small c program which uses these values, print the single bits, try to write some test algorithm using these decoded bits and play a little bit around with other test inputs before trying random things inside the kernel. I cannot understand how pings and printks are related... May I ask how these things are related to your work/studies? It is ok to play around a little bit as small side project/hobby without having the time and knowledge to understand what you are really doing. That is usually a good way to find new interesting topics and maybe to learn something (or blow up a building...). But I would highly recommend to switch the topic in case this is part of your thesis or work. It is not meant as harsh criticism of what you try to do, but it seems that right now you aren't able to efficiently work with it and to gain enough knowledge by yourself to be able to understand simple parts the thing you are working with. Best regards, Sven